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Abstract
Introduction: Biotechnology has revolutionized medicine, especially in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The development of drugs, such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological DMARDs, has improved both the symptoms and the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Advances in pharmaceutical biotechnology have generated new biotherapies, including those that specifically target the gut microbiota. These advances and the development of new study models provide hope for patients and constant challenges for research. Materials and Methods: Reports published in PubMed, Scielo, and Google Scholar (2010–2023) were reviewed using keywords such as Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Immunologic Models, Biological Therapy, and Microbiota, considering studies in both English and Spanish. Results: The development of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and emerging therapies, such as gene therapy and mesenchymal stem cells, has revolutionized RA treatment. Innovations such as microphysiological systems and multi-omics readouts have allowed the identification of new therapeutic targets. Discussion: The main challenge is to develop more representative models to evaluate these therapies and maximize their benefits. Conclusion: Biotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology have driven key advances in the treatment and study of RA, through innovative therapies and new research models. Their continued development promises to improve our understanding of the disease and offer more effective therapeutic alternatives in the future.
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